Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue. It can cause swelling, discomfort and changes in colour or surface texture. When the small bumps on the tongue, called papillae, shrink or disappear, it may look smooth, shiny and red. More severe symptoms can make eating or speaking difficult.
Types of glossitis
- Acute glossitis: develops suddenly, sometimes following an allergic reaction or irritation.
- Chronic glossitis: ongoing or recurring inflammation that may be linked to an underlying condition or repeated irritation.
- Atrophic glossitis: loss of papillae leaves a smooth, glossy tongue. It can be associated with nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12 or iron deficiency.
- Median rhomboid glossitis: a smooth, reddish patch near the centre of the tongue, often associated with Candida yeast.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary according to the cause. Common signs include:
- A swollen or painful tongue.
- A burning or irritated sensation.
- Changes in surface texture or colour.
- Difficulty speaking, chewing or eating comfortably.
- Difficulty swallowing.
Sudden tongue swelling that affects breathing or swallowing needs emergency medical help. Call 112 or 999.
Common causes
- Allergic reactions: a reaction to a food, medicine or oral care product may cause sudden swelling.
- Mouth injuries: burns from hot food, a sharp tooth or rubbing from braces can irritate the tongue.
- Underlying conditions: coeliac disease, pernicious anaemia and conditions that cause dry mouth, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, may contribute.
- Infections: fungal infections such as oral thrush can affect the tongue.
- Nutritional deficiencies: low iron or certain B vitamins may be associated with glossitis.
- Irritants: tobacco, alcohol and very hot or spicy foods may worsen symptoms.
A dentist or doctor can assess your symptoms and decide whether further tests are needed. Do not assume a change in your tongue has a single cause.
How glossitis is treated
Treatment depends on the cause. It may involve removing an irritant, adjusting an appliance, treating a diagnosed infection or correcting a confirmed nutritional deficiency.
Gentle oral hygiene and soft, mild foods can help you stay comfortable while the tongue heals. Avoid products or foods that make symptoms worse. Do not start antibiotics or supplements without advice from a healthcare professional.
Frequently asked questions
Answers to common questions about glossitis and tongue health.
What is glossitis?
Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue. It can cause swelling, discomfort and a change in colour or texture. Sometimes the tongue becomes smoother as the papillae on its surface are lost.
What are the symptoms of glossitis?
Symptoms can include a swollen, sore or burning tongue, changes in colour or texture, and difficulty eating or speaking. The symptoms depend on the cause.
What causes glossitis?
Possible causes include irritation or injury, allergic reactions, infections, dry mouth, nutritional deficiencies and underlying health conditions. A dental or medical assessment helps identify the cause.
Can braces cause glossitis?
Braces can rub against the tongue and cause irritation or small injuries. If an appliance is repeatedly rubbing or causing pain, contact your dentist or orthodontist so it can be checked.
How is glossitis treated?
Treatment targets the cause. Your clinician may recommend removing an irritant, treating an infection, adjusting an appliance or correcting a confirmed deficiency. Gentle oral hygiene and avoiding irritating foods can also help.
When should I see a dentist about my tongue?
Arrange a check for persistent pain, swelling or unexplained changes in colour or texture. If symptoms are not settling after a week, get advice. Sudden swelling that affects breathing or swallowing is an emergency: call 112 or 999.
Further reading: Glossitis (Cleveland Clinic).
Tongue issues that won’t settle?
Our team can assess changes in your tongue and help you find the right next step. Arrange a dental check-up if symptoms persist.